Development time and resistance to Bt crops

By Yong‐Biao Liu, B. Tabashnik, T. Dennehy, A. Patin, A. Bartlett. 1999

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Mushroom body output neurons encode valence and guide memory-based action selection in Drosophila (2014, background): “While the MB processes several modalities of sensory information and regulates locomotion and sleep (Martin et al., 1998; Liu et al., 1999; Joiner et al., 2006; Pitman et al., 2006; Zhang et al., 2007; Hong et al., 2008; Vogt et al., 2014), MB function has been most extensively studied in the…”
The neuronal architecture of the mushroom body provides a logic for associative learning (2014, background): “In Drosophila melanogaster, a number of different forms of learning have been observed in response to sensory stimuli (Siegel and Hall, 1979; Liu et al., 1999, 2006; Masek and Scott, 2010; Schnaitmann et al., 2010; Ofstad et al., 2011; Vogt et al., 2014).”
Success of the high‐dose/refuge resistance management strategy after 15 years of Bt crop use in North America (2011, background): “Cry1Ac-resistant P. gossypiella on Bt cotton plants required an average of 5.7 days longer to develop compared to on non-Bt cotton (Liu et al., 1999) and the resistant strain had a lower survival rate and a lower pupal weight (Carrière et al., 2006).”
Fitness costs and stability of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in a field population of the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella L. (2001, background): “Liu et al. (1999), however, reported that larvae of a B. thuringiensis resistant strain of the Pectinophora gossypiella on Cry1Ac cotton took on average 24% longer to develop compared with susceptible larvae on non B. thuringiensis plants.”
Flies, genes, and learning. (2001, background): “Wild-type flies can associate visual patterns with heat and are unaffected by changes in the illumination conditions between training and testing trials—for example, a change from monochromatic color to white light, or from intermittent to steady light (Liu et al 1999).”
Synergy between visual and olfactory cues in nectar feeding by naı̈ve hawkmoths, Manduca sexta (2002, unknown): “However, crossmodality neural integration remains poorly understood in any model system (Gerber & Smith 1998; Liu et al. 1999), and animal pollinators are too behaviourally versatile and phylogenetically diverse to bear generalization.”
A map of olfactory representation in the Drosophila mushroom body. (2007, unknown): “MBs participate in the formation and retrieval of memories of olfactory associated experience (de Belle and Heisenberg, 1994; Dubnau et al., 2001; McGuire et al., 2001), courtship conditioning (McBride et al., 1999), and context-dependent visual cues (Liu et al., 1999; Tang and Guo, 2001).”
Insecticidal Genetically Modified Crops and Insect Resistance Management (IRM) (2008, background): “Asynchronous development of resistant and susceptible insects on Bt crops and non-Bt crops, respectively, has been observed in P. gossypiella (Liu et al., 1999, 2001) and H. armigera (Bird and Akhurst, 2005).”
Are mushroom bodies cerebellum-like structures? (2011, background): “…2007b), gustatory associative learning (Masek and Scott, 2010), courtship learning and memory (McBride et al., 1999), context-dependent learning (Liu et al., 1999; Brembs and Weiner, 2006), experience-based feature extraction (Peng et al., 2007), salience-based choice behavior (Tang and Guo,…”
The ecological impacts of transgenic crops on agroecosystem health (2000, background): “Liu et al. (1999) found that a resistant pink bollworm larva strain on Bt cotton took longer to develop than susceptible larvae on non-Bt cotton.”