Fitness costs and stability of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in a field population of the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella L.

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Effect of different host plants on the fitness of diamond-back moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) (2010, methodology): “The net replacement ratewas then used to calculate the intrinsic rate of population increase, rm (Birch, 1948; Sayyed and Wright, 2001):”
Fitness cost, cross resistance and realized heritability of resistance to imidacloprid in Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (2012, background): “In incomplete resistance, resistant individuals also suffer some disadvantage in the presence of insecticides compared with their performance in the absence of insecticides [78].”
Effect of host plants on life-history traits of Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (2010, methodology): “intrinsic rate of population increase rm (Birch 1948; Sayyed and Wright 2001):”