Battery choice and management for new-generation electric vehicles

By A. Affanni, A. Bellini, G. Franceschini, Paolo Guglielmi, C. Tassoni. IEEE transactions on industrial electronics (1982. Print), 2005

456 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Different types of electric vehicles (EVs) have been recently designed with the aim of solving pollution problems caused by the emission of gasoline-powered engines. Environmental problems promote the adoption of new-generation electric vehicles for urban transportation. As it is well known, one of the weakest points of electric vehicles is the battery system. Vehicle autonomy and, therefore, accurate detection of battery state of charge (SoC) together with battery expected life, i.e., battery state of health, are among the major drawbacks that prevent the introduction of electric vehicles in the consumer market. The electric scooter may provide the most feasible opportunity among EVs. They may be a replacement product for the primary-use vehicle, especially in Europe and Asia, provided that drive performance, safety, and cost issues are similar to actual engine scooters. The battery system choice is a crucial item, and thanks to an increasing emphasis on vehicle range and performance, the Li-ion battery could become a viable candidate. This paper deals with the design of a battery pack based on Li-ion technology for a prototype electric scooter with high performance and autonomy. The adopted battery system is composed of a suitable number of cells series connected, featuring a high voltage level. Therefore, cell equalization and monitoring need to be provided. Due to manufacturing asymmetries, charge and discharge cycles lead to cell unbalancing, reducing battery capacity and, depending on cell type, causing safety troubles or strongly limiting the storage capacity of the full pack. No solution is available on the market at a cheap price, because of the required voltage level and performance, therefore, a dedicated battery management system was designed, that also includes a battery SoC monitoring. The proposed solution features a high capability of energy storing in braking conditions, charge equalization, overvoltage and undervoltage protection and, obviously, SoC information in order to optimize autonomy instead of performance or vice-versa.

Subfields: Automotive Engineering, Electrical and Electronic Engineering

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/05e8b38d6a94da81aeb6c62e94b29d2cd58101d9

How researchers see this paper

The researchers whose trusted networks rank it highest, strongest advocate first. Every researcher gets a different order.

In Automotive Engineering

In Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Citations in the corpus

A Modularized Charge Equalizer for an HEV Lithium-Ion Battery String (2009, background): “Recent developments in lithium-ion battery technology show many advantages, for example, a high power and energy density, a high working cell voltage, a low self-discharge rate, no memory effect, and a high input–output charge efficiency [3]–[5], [27].”
Ultracapacitor-Based Auxiliary Energy System for an Electric Vehicle: Implementation and Evaluation (2007, background): “The most mentioned candidates for this task are high specific-power batteries (Li-ion, Ni-M-H) [4], ultracapacitors (widely researcher for other applications) [5], [6] and flywheels [7], of which the only commercially available today are the first two.”
Power Electronics and Motor Drives in Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (2008, background): “batteries such as NiMH and lithium batteries for automotive applications are some of the important issues [13]–[29].”
Energy Storage Systems for Automotive Applications (2008, methodology): “Depending on the degree of electrification, the combination of the internal combustion engine (ICE) with an electric motor in the hybrid drive train offers a wide range of benefits, from reduced fuel consumption and emission reduction to enhanced power performance and the introduction of power-hungr”
Energy Storage Technologies for High-Power Applications (2016, background): “explored include the internal combustion hydrogen engine, fuel cell, and other battery type energy storage systems [31], [59], [60].”
Double-Tiered Switched-Capacitor Battery Charge Equalization Technique (2008, background): “Any capacity imbalance between the modules can threaten the long-term reliability of the string as overall pack capacity is brought to the upper and lower limits of charge [ 5 ]–[9].”
A Chain Structure of Switched Capacitor for Improved Cell Balancing Speed of Lithium-Ion Batteries (2014, background): “However, because most applications demand higher operating voltage than that of single cell voltage, a series connection of the lithium-ion batteries is required to meet the demanded voltage level [2].”
Enhanced coulomb counting method for estimating state-of-charge and state-of-health of lithium-ion batteries (2009, background): “Nevertheless, the recent applications of battery power in many portable devices and electric vehicles [8,9] essentially consist of computable hardware and a large size of memory such as vehicle powertrain control module (PCM) [10], facilitating the realization of the coulomb counting method.”