Small Farmers and Big Retail: trade-offs of supplying supermarkets in Nicaragua

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Impacts of supermarkets on farm household nutrition in Kenya (2015, background): “Similar developments were also observed elsewhere (Michelson et al., 2012).”
Contract farming configuration: Smallholders’ preferences for contract design attributes (2013, unknown): “Second, there is a general assumption in the literature that farmers are risk averse, and that their motivation to participate in CF is primarily to manage output price risks (e.g., Chavas and Holt, 1996; Michelson et al., 2011).”
Small Farmers, NGOs, and a Walmart World: Welfare Effects of Supermarkets Operating in Nicaragua (2013, unknown): “As previous work on Nicaraguan supermarket supply chains and small farmers has established (Michelson, Reardon, and Perez 2012), although mean output prices paid by supermarkets in Nicaragua are not significantly higher than output prices in the traditional market, prices paid by supermarkets…”
The Economics of the Food System Revolution (2012, background): “Michelson et al. (2012) show for Nicaragua that farmers get a lower average price when selling to Walmart but lower price variance than in the traditional market so that the Walmart contract represents a market insurance substitute; (4) the greater is the chance the RPC supplies some service or…”