Exposure to foodborne and orofecal microbes versus airborne viruses in relation to atopy and allergic asthma: epidemiological study

By P. Matricardi, F. Rosmini, S. Riondino, M. Fortini, L. Ferrigno, M. Rapicetta, S. Bonini. British medical journal, 2000

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Interactions between commensal intestinal bacteria and the immune system (2004, background): “There is also an inverse correlation between previous infection with mycobacteria or viruses, including hepatitis A virus (HAV), and the subsequent development of asthm”
Distinct patterns of neonatal gut microflora in infants in whom atopy was and was not developing. (2001, result): “The results demonstrated that the ratio of bifidobacteria to clostridia was reduced in atopic subjects (geometric mean [95% confidence interval]: 19 [3-122]) compared with that in nonatopic subjects (185 [57-604], P = .”
Asthma: an epidemic of dysregulated immunity (2002, background): “Infection with other gastrointestinal pathogens, for example, Helicobacter pylori and Toxoplasma gondii , may protect against the development of asthma, although to a lesser exten”
The germless theory of allergic disease: revisiting the hygiene hypothesis (2001, background): “In all likelihood, however, such evidence of previous infection with hepatitis A merely provides evidence of a risk of exposure to faecal–oral pathogen”