The Impacts of Emoticons on Message Interpretation in Computer-Mediated Communication

By Joseph B. Walther, Kyle P. D’Addario. 2001

894 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Subfields: Social Psychology, Human-Computer Interaction

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Citations in the corpus

"Blissfully Happy" or "Ready toFight": Varying Interpretations of Emoji (2016, background): “Emoticons, or “typographic symbols that appear sideways as resembling facial expressions,” (Walther and D’Addario 2001) such as :), have been in use in text-based communication since at least the early 1980s, with numerous studies documenting their prevalence in SMS texts (Tossell et al.”
Emoticons and social interaction on the Internet: the importance of social context (2007, neutral): “Keywords: Emoticons; Emotions; Social interaction; Social context; Internet”
Computer-Mediated Communication Effects on Disclosure, Impressions, and Interpersonal Evaluations: Getting to Know One Another a Bit at a Time (2002, background): “…(SIP) theory of CMC (Walther, 1992) argues that without nonverbal cues, communicators adapt their relational behaviors to the remaining cues available in CMC such as content and linguistic strategies, as well as chronemic (Walther & Tidwell, 1995) and typographic cues (Walther & D’Addario, 2001).”
Hot Buttons and Time Sinks: The Effects of Electronic Communication During Nonwork Time on Emotions and Work-Nonwork Conflict (2015, background): “Indeed, theory and research suggests that electronic communications are comprised of both verbal and nonverbal elements that elicit emotions in their recipients (Byron, 2008; Walther & D’Addario, 2001), which may be key considerations for how perceptions of work-nonwork conflict are formed.”
Online Interviewing in Psychology: Reflections on the Process (2011, background): “Although online communication does not lack socioemotional expressions entirely (as will be elaborated on below; Walther and D’Addario 2001; Shao-Kang 2008), this does give rise to a greater potential for ambiguity and misunderstanding (Chen & Hinton 1999).”
A Systematic Review of Emoji: Current Research and Future Perspectives (2019, background): “Emoji are widely used in instant messaging, e-mail, social networking and many other forms of CMC (Dresner and Herring, 2010).”
Predictors of Relationship Satisfaction in Online Romantic Relationships (2006, background): “Additionally, intimacy, trust, and attributional confidence may be greater for those in longer relationships because, when communicating online, it takes longer for socioemotional indicators to manifest themselves (Walther, 1992, 1993; Walther & Burgoon, 1992 ).”
Emoticon Style: Interpreting Differences in Emoticons Across Cultures (2013, background): “Related Work Emoticons are a crucial part of computer-mediated communication (Walther and D’addario 2001).”
Emoticons vs. Emojis on Twitter: A Causal Inference Approach (2015, background): “2 In computer mediated communication (CMC), emoticons are interpreted as “emotion icons”, primarily as a way to represent facial expressions, such as smile, in the absence of non-verbal cues (Walther and D’Addario 2001).”
Cross-Cultural Comparison of Nonverbal Cues in Emoticons on Twitter: Evidence from Big Data Analysis (2014, methodology): “To supplement the lack of nonverbal cues in text-based CMC through websites such as Twitter, as well as to augment the relational meaning of messages, users utilize emoticons, which are graphic representations of facial expressions (Walther & D’Addario, 2001, p. 324).”