Hormones as indicators of stress.

By E. Möstl, Rupert Palme. Domestic Animal Endocrinology, 2002

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Relationships between patterns of Fecal corticoid excretion and behavior, reproduction, and environmental factors in captive black (Diceros bicornis) and white (Ceratotherium simum) rhinoceros (2005, positive): “…sampling of fecal corticoids has become a useful way to assess adrenal function in captive and wild species when used in a comparative or experimental research design [Whitten et al., 1998; Wasser et al., 2000; Mostl and Palme, 2002; Wielebnowski et al., 2002a; Millspaugh and Washburn, 2004].”
Measures of behavioural reactivity and their relationships with production traits in sheep: A review (2012, background): “Metaboites may also be degraded by bacteria present in the faeces, ltering apparent concentrations (Möstl and Palme, 2002).”
Measuring stress in wildlife: techniques for quantifying glucocorticoids (2011, methodology): “Although blood sampling has long been the most common method for measuring GC concentrations, it is not necessarily the most informative method and sometimes is not possible (Möstl and Palme 2002; Mormede et al. 2007).”
Exploration of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function as a tool to evaluate animal welfare. (2007, background): “As a result, assays to measure cortisol metabolites in faeces have to be adapted to each species and at present they are not satisfactory in some of them, such as pigs [141,143,148].”