The critical cytoplasmic regions of the αL/β2 integrin in Rap1-induced adhesion and migration

By Y. Tohyama, K. Katagiri, R. Pardi, Chafen Lu, T. Springer, T. Kinashi. 2003

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Dynamic Partitioning into Lipid Rafts Controls the Endo-Exocytic Cycle of the αL/β2 Integrin, LFA-1, during Leukocyte Chemotaxis (2005, background): “In previous studies (Fabbri et al., 1999b; Tohyama et al., 2003), we had observed that ectopically expressed L/ 2 is constitutively internalized and recycled back to the plasma membrane at variable rates, depending on the cell type.”
Intracellular signalling controlling integrin activation in lymphocytes (2005, background): “This 'pro-adhesive' effect of RAP1 requires the lysine residues at positions 1097 and 1099 of the α L -chain of LFA1 (which are located in the cytoplasmic region, near the membrane-proximal GFFKR motif); replacement of these lysine residues with alanine residues suppresses the increases in LFA1 affi”
The final steps of integrin activation: the end game (2010, background): “Similarly, Katagiri, Kinashi and co-workers identified regulator for cell adhesion and polarization enriched in lymphoid tissues ( RAPL ; also known as NORE1 and RASSF5) as a RAP1-binding protein that physically associates with αLβ2 integrin in an αL integrin-specific manner and regulates αLβ2 integ”
Structural basis of integrin regulation and signaling. (2007, background): “Vesicular trafficking (111, 112) and Rap1- and RAPL-driven polarization of integrins to the lamellapodium (89, 113) represent important active modes of integrin reorganization that take place during cell migration.”