Direct Imaging and Spectroscopy of a Planetary-Mass Candidate Companion to a Young Solar Analog

By D. Lafrèniere, R. Jayawardhana, M. V. van Kerkwijk. 2008

196 citations recorded by the source corpus.

We present Gemini near-infrared adaptive optics imaging and spectroscopy of a planetary-mass candidate companion to 1RXS J160929.1–210524, a roughly solar-mass member of the 5 Myr old Upper Scorpius association. The object, separated by 2.22″ or 330 AU at ~150 pc, has infrared colors and spectra suggesting a temperature of 1800−100+200 K, and spectral type of L4−2+1. The H- and K-band spectra provide clear evidence of low surface gravity, and thus youth. Based on the widely used DUSTY models, we infer a mass of 8−2+4 MJup. If gravitationally bound, this would be the lowest mass companion imaged around a normal star thus far, and its existence at such a large separation would pose a serious challenge to theories of star and planet formation.

Subfields: Astronomy and Astrophysics

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/f169737857f75e3d50fd8672bafcd322a19c6307

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In Astronomy and Astrophysics

1. B. Bowler
2. Michael C. Liu
3. K. Luhman
4. T. Dupuy
5. A. Kraus
6. Eric Mamajek
7. N. Madhusudhan
8. L. Hillenbrand

Citations in the corpus

• FOMALHAUT'S DEBRIS DISK AND PLANET: CONSTRAINING THE MASS OF FOMALHAUT B FROM DISK MORPHOLOGY (2008, background): “Surprises have been immediate: Fomalhaut b has an unusually large orbital radius of more than 110 AU (cf. Lafrenière et al. 2008), and a visual (0.45–0.7 µm) luminosity that is not only 1–2 orders of magnitude greater than atmospheric models anticipated, but also time variable.”
• Discovery of a warm, dusty giant planet around HIP 65426 (2017, unknown): “1-210524 b (7 − 12 MJup at 330 au; L2 − 4 at 5 Myr; Lachapelle et al. 2015; Manjavacas et al. 2014; Lafrenière et al. 2008).”
• THE HAWAII INFRARED PARALLAX PROGRAM. II. YOUNG ULTRACOOL FIELD DWARFS (2016, background): “…discovered over a wide range of separations, luminosities, and mass ratios with respect to the host star (Chauvin et al. 2005b; Luhman et al. 2006; Lafrenière et al. 2008; Lagrange et al. 2009, 2010; Ireland et al. 2011; Janson et al. 2012; Carson et al. 2013; Kuzuhara et al. 2013; Rameau et al.…”
• TWO WIDE PLANETARY-MASS COMPANIONS TO SOLAR-TYPE STARS IN UPPER SCORPIUS (2010, methodology): “Since Lafrenière et al. (2008b) already reported NIR colors, we only took K-band observations.”
• A COMBINED SUBARU/VLT/MMT 1–5 μm STUDY OF PLANETS ORBITING HR 8799: IMPLICATIONS FOR ATMOSPHERIC PROPERTIES, MASSES, AND FORMATION (2011, background): “1-210524b discovered by Lafreniere et al. (2008) to be a more complicated case as its mass ratio and separation are continuous with brown dwarf companions (see Discussion Section) Marois et al. (2011) argue that the planets most likely have masses at the low end of the range allowed by cooling…”
• THE TWO MODES OF GAS GIANT PLANET FORMATION (2009, background): “However, the recently-discovered substellar companions with wide semi-major axes a ∼ 100 AU and masses M ∼ few to tens MJ (e.g., Luhman et al. 2006; Lafreniere et al. 2008; Kalas et al. 2008) challenge the interpretation that core accretion is the sole formation mechanism for gas giants.”
• The properties of brown dwarfs and low-mass hydrogen-burning stars formed by disc fragmentation (2008, background): “1-210524, a PM with mass 8+4−1 MJ orbiting a star with 0.85+0.2 −0.1 M⊙ at ∼ 330 AU (Lafrenière et al. 2008), can be explained with this model; however, such systems should be rare.”
• THE DISK POPULATION OF THE UPPER SCORPIUS ASSOCIATION (2012, background): “Thus, secondaries that have been resolved only by high-resolution imaging with the Hubble Space Telescope or adaptive optics do not receive separate entries in our catalog of members (Luhman 2005; Kraus et al. 2005; Lafrenière et al. 2008, 2011; Biller et al. 2011; Ireland et al. 2011).”
• Photometric characterization of exoplanets using angular and spectral differential imaging (2010, background): “…(Itoh et al. 2005), GQ Lup b (Neuhäuser et al. 2005), AB Pic b (Chauvin et al. 2005), CHXR 73 B (Luhman et al. 2006), and more recently Fomalhaut b (Kalas et al. 2008), 1RXS J1609 b (Lafrenière et al. 2008), β Pic b (Lagrange et al. 2008) and the triple system around HR 8799 (Marois et al. 2008).”
• Stellar Multiplicity (2013, methodology): “…et al. (2007a) and Connelley, Reipurth & Tokunaga (2008) for Class I sources, Ratzka, Köhler & Leinert (2005), Kraus et al. (2008, 2011), and Lafrenière et al. (2008) for T/OB associations, Reipurth et al. (2007), Beck, Simon & Close (2003), Duchêne, Bouvier & Simon (1999) and Luhman,…”
• A REVISED AGE FOR UPPER SCORPIUS AND THE STAR FORMATION HISTORY AMONG THE F-TYPE MEMBERS OF THE SCORPIUS–CENTAURUS OB ASSOCIATION (2011, background): “…Sciences, Arlington, VA 22207-4299,USA 3 Current address: Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, Casilla 603, La Serena, Chile masses for very low-mass companions to members of the stellar population depend critically on the assumed age (e.g., Lafrenière et al. 2008; Ireland et al. 2011).”
• DISCOVERY OF A PROBABLE 4–5 JUPITER-MASS EXOPLANET TO HD 95086 BY DIRECT IMAGING (2013, background): “As a result, very few planetary-mass companions have been detected by direct imaging, initially at relatively large separations (≥ 100 AU) around solar-type to low-mass stars (e.g., Chauvin et al. 2005, Béjar et al. 2008, Lafrenière et al. 2008, and Ireland et al. 2011).”
• DIRECT IMAGING OF A COLD JOVIAN EXOPLANET IN ORBIT AROUND THE SUN-LIKE STAR GJ 504 (2013, background): “Among these, 1RXS J1609 b (Lafrenière et al. 2008) orbits a pre-main sequence solar-mass star at a wide separation of 330 AU.”
• NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY OF THE EXTRASOLAR PLANET HR 8799 b (2010, background): “1–210524 (Lafrenière et al. 2008, 2010) by direct imaging have shown that planets exist at large separations (∼10–330 AU) and are within reach of current telescope capabilities.”
• CLOUDS AND CHEMISTRY IN THE ATMOSPHERE OF EXTRASOLAR PLANET HR8799b (2011, background): “…is now becoming a regular occurrence with the recent discoveries of 2M1207b (Chauvin et al. 2005), Fomalhaut b (Kalas et al. 2008), Beta Pic b (Lagrange et al. 2009), 1RXS J1609 b (Lafrenière et al. 2008), and the quadruple-planetary system HR8799 b, c, d, and e (Marois et al. 2008, 2010).”
• HST SPECTRAL MAPPING OF L/T TRANSITION BROWN DWARFS REVEALS CLOUD THICKNESS VARIATIONS (2013, background): “…and giant exoplanets and effective temperatures comparable to those of directly imaged exoplanets (e.g. Chauvin et al. 2005; Marois et al. 2008; Lafrenière et al. 2008; Marois et al. 2010; Lagrange et al. 2010; Skemer et al. 2011) L and T-type brown dwarfs provide the critical reference…”
• Discovery of a planetary-mass companion within the gap of the transition disk around PDS 70 (2018, background): “PDS 70b is located between the ∼5–11 Myr old, ∼8–14 MJup planet 1RXS1609b (Lafrenière et al. 2008, 2010; Lachapelle et al. 2015) and the 30 Myr-old ∼7 MJup planets HR 8799 c,d,e (see Bonnefoy et al. 2016).”
• MODEL ATMOSPHERES FOR MASSIVE GAS GIANTS WITH THICK CLOUDS: APPLICATION TO THE HR 8799 PLANETS AND PREDICTIONS FOR FUTURE DETECTIONS (2011, unknown): “1-210524 (∼9 MJ), AB Pic (∼13.5 MJ), and HD 203030b (∼25 MJ) (Chauvin et al. 2004, 2005; Mohanty et al. 2007; Lafreniere et al. 2008, 2010; Ireland et al. 2010; Metchev and Hillenbrand 2006).”