Biological Responses to Materials

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Foreign body reaction to biomaterials. (2008, background): “[1–4] In the very early process of implantation, blood/material interactions occur with protein adsorption to the biomaterial surface and development of a blood-based transient provisional matrix that forms on and around the biomaterial.”
Macrophages, Foreign Body Giant Cells and Their Response to Implantable Biomaterials (2015, background): “Foreign body reactions, a type of chronic tissue inflammation, describe the presence of foreign body giant cells (FBGCs) at the biomaterial interface [10,14,21].”
Progress Towards Biocompatible Intracortical Microelectrodes for Neural Interfacing Applications (2014, background): “Microglia/Macrophage Response to Intracortical Microelectrodes— Similar to the response in the rest of the body, (84, 85) a key feature of the brain’s response to chronically implanted devices is persistent inflammation at the biotic-abiotic interface.”
Sol-gel based materials for biomedical applications (2016, background): “This occurs as a non-specific immune response to a material that cannot be phagocytosed and an inflammatory response persists until the foreign body becomes encapsulated by fibrotic connective tissue, shielding it from the immune system and isolating it from the surrounding tissues [490].”