Therapeutic Effects of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors: Renaissance Half a Century after the Discovery of Allopurinol
By P. Pacher, A. Nivorozhkin, C. Szabó. Pharmacological Reviews, 2006
1,218 citations recorded by the source corpus.
The prototypical xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitor allopurinol, has been the cornerstone of the clinical management of gout and conditions associated with hyperuricemia for several decades. More recent data indicate that XO also plays an important role in various forms of ischemic and other types of tissue and vascular injuries, inflammatory diseases, and chronic heart failure. Allopurinol and its active metabolite oxypurinol showed considerable promise in the treatment of these conditions both in experimental animals and in small-scale human clinical trials. Although some of the beneficial effects of these compounds may be unrelated to the inhibition of the XO, the encouraging findings rekindled significant interest in the development of additional, novel series of XO inhibitors for various therapeutic indications. Here we present a critical overview of the effects of XO inhibitors in various pathophysiological conditions and also review the various emerging therapeutic strategies offered by this approach.
Subfields: Nephrology, Rheumatology, Surgery
View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/ebd68508d4d2dbbd3e005f341f7da15ddea6533d
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Citations in the corpus
- In vitro and in vivo antioxidant properties of chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid. (2011, background): “Allopurinol is a frequently prescribed agent for gout and is the most commonly used xanthine oxidase inhibitor (Pacher et al., 2006).”
- Reactive Oxygen Species in Cardiovascular Disease (2011, background): “As a consequence, most of the data implicating xanthine oxidase relies on pharmacologic inhibition via allopurinol or oxypurinol, or by administration of a tungsten-rich, molybdenum deficient diet to experimental animals, which leads to an inactive enzyme [74] and is associated with reduced atherosc”
- Reactive Oxygen Species in Inflammation and Tissue Injury (2014, neutral): “It exists in two forms: xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) and XO (332).”
- The role of oxidative stress during inflammatory processes (2013, background): “This process has been particularly well described in the context of inflammatory cardiovascular pathologies, most significantly atherosclerosis, as reviewed recently (Forstermann and Li, 2011; Alkaitis and Crabtree, 2012).”