Mesenchymal stem cell homing: the devil is in the details.

By J. Karp, Grace Sock Leng Teo. Cell Stem Cell, 2009

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Immunobiology of mesenchymal stem cells (2013, background): “in situ, each affects the efficiency of MSC homing or localization to target organs.(98) Among them, intravenous delivery is convenient and successful in treating certain type of diseases,”
Exosomes Derived from Mesenchymal Stem Cells (2014, background): “However, many observations are physically and temporally incompatible with the differentiation hypothesis [54], which has prompted an alternative hypothesis that transplanted MSCs mediate their therapeutic effect through secretion of paracrine factors that promote survival and tissue repair.”
Harnessing the Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease (2012, background): “…MSCs homing to the infarcted heart rapidly declines following intravenous infusion (Assis et al., 2010) due to entrapment in the microvasculature, there is a significant need to improve circulation times and homing efficiency of systemically administered cells (Karp and Leng Teo, 2009).”
Biomaterial based modulation of macrophage polarization: A review and suggested design principles (2015, background): “Moreover, several tissue repair cells such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) selectively home to implant sites through paracrine signaling mechanisms [57].”