A unified theory of implicit attitudes, stereotypes, self-esteem, and self-concept.

By A. Greenwald, Mahzarin R. Banaji, Laurie A. Rudman, Shelly Diane Farnham, Brian A. Nosek, Deborah S. Mellott. Psychology Review, 2002

1,640 citations recorded by the source corpus.

This theoretical integration of social psychology's main cognitive and affective constructs was shaped by 3 influences: (a) recent widespread interest in automatic and implicit cognition, (b) development of the Implicit Association Test (IAT; A. G. Greenwald, D. E. McGhee, & J. L. K. Schwartz. 1998), and (c) social psychology's consistency theories of the 1950s, especially F. Heider's (1958) balance theory. The balanced identity design is introduced as a method to test correlational predictions of the theory. Data obtained with this method revealed that predicted consistency patterns were strongly apparent in the data for implicit (IAT) measures but not in those for parallel explicit (self-report) measures. Two additional not-yet-tested predictions of the theory are described.

Subfields: Clinical Psychology, Social Psychology, Sociology and Political Science

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/e8bfccbb4573ce32fe288408a3a4a379d86dfa1a

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Citations in the corpus

On implicit–explicit consistency: the moderating role of individual differences in awareness and adjustment (2005, background): “The implicit–explicit distinction has raised two essential questions about the size and variability of the consistency between implicit and explicit constructs: How much do measures of implicit and explicit constructs converge? When and why is the implicit– explicit consistency stronger in some case”
Implicit measures in social and personality psychology (2014, methodology): “One of the most frequently used paradigms is Greenwald et al.'s (1998) lAT.”
Unraveling the Processes Underlying Evaluation: Attitudes from the Perspective of the Ape Model (2007, result): “This conceptualization deviates from earlier models arguing that the relation between self–reported and indirectly assessed evaluations primarily depends on motivational factors, such as social desirability (e.g., Greenwald et al., 2002) or motivation to control (e.g., Fazio et al., 1995).”
Arbitrary metrics in psychology. (2006, background): “As an example, Greenwald et al. (2002) measured self-esteem by having respondents rate themselves on six pleasant-meaning words and six unpleasant-meaning words on 7-point scales with anchors 1 not at all characteristic of you and 7 extremely characteristic of you.”
Math = male, me = female, therefore math ≠ me. (2002, background): “The presence of a contrasting category can add predictive power in some research domains, especially with regard to assessments of attitudes, stereotypes, and identity when a direct comparison is relevant (e.g., male vs. female, Black vs. White; see Greenwald et al., 2002 ).”
An organizing framework for collective identity: articulation and significance of multidimensionality. (2004, methodology): “As Greenwald et al. (2002) described, it is also possible to use the IAT as a measure of evaluation.”
The Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) as a Measure of Implicit Relative Preferences: A First Study (2009, neutral): “…nevertheless responded more quickly and more accurately when asked to categorize names typical of White persons with positive words and names typical of Black persons with negative words, than when asked to categorize White with negative and Black with positive (see Greenwald et al., 2002).”
American = White? (2005, background): “In the past few years, several studies have demonstrated the use of the IAT as a measure of implicit associations that are interpreted as measures of evaluation, stereotypes, self-concept, and identity (for reviews, see Banaji, 2001; Greenwald et al., 2002; Greenwald & Nosek, 2001).”
Contemporary perspectives on the psychology of attitudes (2004, background): “This would imply that people have not only associative networks organized in terms of valence (e.g., Greenwald et al., 2002), but also in terms of wishes.”
Indirect Assessment of Cognitions of Child Sexual Abusers With the Implicit Association Test (2007, methodology): “This initial word list was derived from stimuli employed in IATs by other researchers (Asendorpf et al., 2002; Greenwald et al., 1998; Greenwald & Farnham, 2000; Haines, 1999; Rudman, Greenwald et al., 2001) and words used in self-report measures administered to child molesters (Horley & Quinsey, 19”
The social psychology of stigma. (2005, background): “Part of the problem can be traced to measurement issues associated with both explicit (Greenwald et al. 2002) and implicit measures (Fazio & Olson 2003, Olson & Fazio 2003).”