Open Innovation Requires Integrated Competition-Community Ecosystems: Lessons Learned from Civic Open Innovation

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The open innovation research landscape: established perspectives and emerging themes across different levels of analysis (2016, unknown): “This leads to an interest in higher-level organisations, such as cities or governments, where open governance in itself becomes the primary activities unit (Almirall, Lee, and Majchrzak 2014; Kube et al. 2015; Mergel 2015).”
Citizen participation in public administration: investigating open government for social innovation (2019, background): “In recent years, cities all over the world have been leveraging modern information and communication technology to integrate citizens in public problem-solving and value creation activities (Hilgers and Ihl, 2010; Almirall et al., 2014; Mergel, 2015; Bogers et al., 2017).”