Not all self-affirmations were created equal: The cognitive and social benefits of affirming the intrinsic (vs. extrinsic) self

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The psychology of change: self-affirmation and social psychological intervention. (2014, background): “…which can increase defensiveness (Blanton et al. 1997, Sivanathan et al. 2008), or seek affirmation in extrinsic areas such as financial success and status rather than in the intrinsic sources of integrity cultivated by values affirmations (Schimel et al. 2004; see also Nickerson et al. 2003).”
Experimental manipulations of self-affirmation: A systematic review (2006, methodology): “Three studies selected participants based on self-esteem scores (Schimel et al., 2004, study 2; Spencer et al., 2001, study 2; Wood et al., 1999, study 3), and one study measured self-esteem and categorized participants based on scores (Gramzow & Gaertner, 2005, study 3).”
The Psychology of Self‐defense: Self‐Affirmation Theory (2006, methodology): “Tesser (2000) argues that these studies support a basic interchangeability of self‐evaluative processes.”
Understanding the Relationship Between Perceived Authenticity and Well-Being (2019, background): “…to affirm more authentic aspects of their self-concepts (compared to extrinsic aspects) decreased defensive responses to threat and improved performance on academic tasks (Arndt, Schimel, Greenberg, & Pyszczynski, 2002; Schimel et al., 2004) but did not influence self-esteem (Schimel et al., 2004).”