The study of the role of the background languages in third language acquisition. The state of the art

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Object pronouns in German L3 syntax: Evidence for the L2 status factor (2011, background): “…factor is a natural outcome of several sociolinguistic and cognitive differences between L1 and (adult) L2 acquisition, as summarized below (compare Falk and Bardel, 2010): • age of onset; • outcome; • learning situation: natural/informal vs. classroom (see footnote 3); • degree of metalinguistic…”
A systematic review of transfer studies in third language acquisition (2018, background): “Accumulating evidence seems to indicate that third or more language (L3/L n ) acquisition presents differently from second language acquisition (L2) (see De Angelis, 2007; Falk and Bardel, 2010; González Alonso, Rothman, Berndt, Castro, and Westergaard, 2017).”
The Routledge handbook of English language teaching (2018, background): “Through contextualised examples, students can better understand how discourse/situational contexts and a speaker’s construal/focus determine our lexicogrammatical choices and how such choices are often culturally prescribed acts of perspective taking.”
The role of L1 explicit metalinguistic knowledge in L3 oral production at the initial state* (2013, methodology): “This is in line with Falk and Bardel (2010), who suggest that an L2 can reach such a high proficiency that it loses its L2 status.”