Innate Antiviral Responses by Means of TLR7-Mediated Recognition of Single-Stranded RNA

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siRNAs: applications in functional genomics and potential as therapeutics (2004, background): “Recent data have demonstrated that humans and mice express TLRs that are activated by uridine/guanosine- and uridine-rich single-stranded RNA oligonucleotides, respectivel”
Biology and pathogenesis of chikungunya virus (2010, background): “; TLR7 and TLR8 are triggered by ssRNA (for example, that of influenza virus”
IPS-1, an adaptor triggering RIG-I- and Mda5-mediated type I interferon induction (2005, background): “Single-stranded viral RNA and DNA are recognized by TLR7 and TLR9, respectively, and induce interferon-α (IFN-α) by plasmacytoid dendritic cell”
RNA-associated autoantigens activate B cells by combined B cell antigen receptor/Toll-like receptor 7 engagement (2005, background): “In the course of recent studies that identified TLR7 and TLR8 as receptors for viral single-stranded (ss) RNA, uridine-rich ssRNA was found to be a particularly effective ligand (8, 9).”
Double-Stranded RNA Is Produced by Positive-Strand RNA Viruses and DNA Viruses but Not in Detectable Amounts by Negative-Strand RNA Viruses (2006, background): “In addition, ssRNAs of FLUAV and VSV are capable of triggering IFN induction via TLR7 ( 13 , 38), and the FLUAV NS1 protein also binds to viral ssRNA (22).”