M-1/M-2 Macrophages and the Th1/Th2 Paradigm1

By C. Mills, K. Kincaid, Jennifer M. Alt, M. Heilman, Annette M Hill. Journal of Immunology, 2000

3,099 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Subfields: Immunology, Physiology

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/e15b56e06001d7f82aad3af0a5e4a101238779a7

How researchers see this paper

The researchers whose trusted networks rank it highest, strongest advocate first. Every researcher gets a different order.

In Immunology

1. A. Mantovani
2. A. Sica
3. TA Wynn
4. S. Gordon
5. P. Murray
6. F. Martínez
7. W. Zou
8. S. Badylak

In Physiology

1. TA Wynn
2. A. Mantovani
3. A. Sica
4. L. Chávez-Galán
5. M. O’Banion
6. I. Garcia
7. S. Gordon
8. Carol A. Colton

Citations in the corpus

• The many faces of macrophage activation (2003, background): “Recently, macrophages from the (Th2-prone) BALB/c mice were shown to make more arginase than macrophages from the Th1-prone C57Bl/6 mice [29].”
• Metabolism pathways of arachidonic acids: mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets (2021, background): “This atheroprotective effect of LXA4 has been linked to its anti-inflammatory capacity, as it impairs the production of various pro-inflammatory cytokines, stops neutrophil chemotaxis, and induces pro-resolving macrophages functions.(78,119,120) Interestingly, aspirin enhances LXA4 production ensued”
• Heterogeneity of Microglial Activation in the Innate Immune Response in the Brain (2009, background): “Derived primarily from studies in peripheral tissues, four major anti-inflammatory cytokines have been identified: IL-4, IL-13, IL-10, and TGF-β (Bogdan et al. 1991; Hamilton et al. 1999; Gordon and Taylor 2005; Martinez et al. 2008; Mills et al. 2000).”
• The role of macrophages in the resolution of inflammation. (2019, background): “As initial analyses included only a handful of nonoverlapping markers, a conceptual framework evolved that limited macrophages to an “M1” or “M2” phenotype in an in vivo context, analogous to the Th1/Th2 concept that was dominating T cell biology at that time (40, 41).”
• Differential Regulation of Nitric Oxide Synthase-2 and Arginase-1 by Type 1/Type 2 Cytokines In Vivo: Granulomatous Pathology Is Shaped by the Pattern of l-Arginine Metabolism1 (2001, background): “In mice several studies now indicate that the balance between arginase/NOS-2 activity is an important mechanism controlling the functionality of macrophages (5, 8, 9, 45, 46, 53).”
• Macrophages: Master Regulators of Inflammation and Fibrosis (2010, result): “This conclusion contrasts with previous reports suggesting AAMw are required to induce Th2-cell responses.(75,93,158) Given these new findings, it will be important to investigate whether Arg1-expressing macrophages impede ECM deposition in other fibrotic diseases.”
• B7-H4 expression identifies a novel suppressive macrophage population in human ovarian carcinoma (2006, background): “Based on studies in murine systems, macrophages are functionally classifi ed into M1 and M2 (48).”
• Microglia states and nomenclature: A field at its crossroads (2022, neutral): “156 In many cases, editors and reviewers have asked authors to comply with this nomenclature.”
• Functional plasticity of macrophages: reversible adaptation to changing microenvironments (2004, background): “classical activation inspired a virtual avalanche of reports describing modifications of the functional pattern displayed by macrophages by treatment with IL-10, transforming growth factor- (TGF- ), glucocorticoids, or ligation of Fc receptor for IgG (Fc R) [7, 11–13].”