Tissue Expression of Human Toll-Like Receptors and Differential Regulation of Toll-Like Receptor mRNAs in Leukocytes in Response to Microbes, Their Products, and Cytokines

By K. Zarember, P. Godowski. Journal of Immunology, 2002

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Microglia Initiate Central Nervous System Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses through Multiple TLRs1 (2004, background): “Studies conducted on human tissue showed that the brain expressed TLR1–5, 7, 9, and 10; however, the levels in the brain were much lower than those observed in the spleen (28).”
Toll-like receptors. (2003, background): “Another study has examined expression of all the human TLR mRNAs in a range of tissues (150).”
Role of Toll-Like Receptors in Pathogen Recognition (2003, background): “TLR7 B cells, plasmacytoid precursor DC (24, 32) Highly induced by IL-6, moderately by other cytokines (86)”
The nonskeletal effects of vitamin D: an Endocrine Society scientific statement. (2012, background): “The TLR are essential components of the innate response to pathogen-associated microbial products, and trophoblasts express at least 10 TLR to some degree (280).”
The Airway Epithelium: Soldier in the Fight against Respiratory Viruses (2011, background): “The distribution and function of TLRs depend on the type of cells and their localization (62, 176, 331).”
A Comparative Review of Toll-Like Receptor 4 Expression and Functionality in Different Animal Species (2014, background): “No TLR4 expression was detected in skeletal muscle or skin (53, 56, 62).”