The Airway Epithelium: Soldier in the Fight against Respiratory Viruses

By M. Vareille, E. Kieninger, M. Edwards, N. Regamey. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 2011

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Viral and Bacterial Interactions in the Upper Respiratory Tract (2013, background): “defense of the host epithelium in general [70], it has been postulated”
Interleukins (from IL-1 to IL-38), interferons, transforming growth factor β, and TNF-α: Receptors, functions, and roles in diseases. (2016, background): “In response to viruses, epithelial cells produce a wide range of mediators, such as type I interferons, GM-CSF, RANTES/CCL5, and IFN-g–induced protein 1/CXCL10.(44) These mediators orchestrate further downstream innate and adaptive antiviral immune responses.”
Human Coronaviruses and Other Respiratory Viruses: Underestimated Opportunistic Pathogens of the Central Nervous System? (2019, background): “Besides all these respiratory issues, accumulating evidence from the clinical/medical world strongly suggest that, being opportunistic pathogens, these viruses are able to escape the immune response and cause more severe respiratory diseases or even spread to extra-respiratory organs, including the ”