Is General Self-Efficacy a Universal Construct?1

By Urte Scholz, Benicio Gutiérrez Doña, Shonali Sud, Ralf Schwarzer. 2002

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Research self-efficacy: A meta-analysis (2021, background): “Fourth and finally, country of study will be tested as a moderator: cross-cultural differences in general SE are well documented (Scholz et al., 2002) and these could also be manifest in contextualized forms of SE, such as RSE.”
Self-regulatory cognitions, social comparison, and perceived peers’ behaviors as predictors of nutrition and physical activity: a comparison among adolescents in Hungary, Poland, Turkey, and USA (2004, background): “Psychometric properties of English, Hungarian, Polish, and Turkish language versions of general self-efficacy scale are satisfactory (see Scholz et al., 2002).”
Is Searching for Meaning in Life Associated With Reduced Subjective Well-Being? Confirmation and Possible Moderators (2012, background): “The reliability of the GSE has been widely reported (Rimm and Jerusalem 1999; Scholz et al. 2002; Tong and Song 2002; Luszczynska et al. 2005a, b) producing internal consistencies between a = 0.75 and a = 0.91.”
Measuring General Self-Efficacy (2006, background): “In their review of the research using this measure, Scholz et al. (2002) reported that the internal consistency coefficients for a variety of samples and countries have ranged from .75 to .91.”
The General Self-Efficacy Scale: Multicultural Validation Studies (2005, background): “ Luszczynska, Diehl, Gutierrez-Dona, Kuusinen, & Schwarzer, 2004 ).”