Biological effects of propionic acid in humans; metabolism, potential applications and underlying mechanisms.

By S. Al-lahham, M. Peppelenbosch, H. Roelofsen, R. Vonk, K. Venema. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 2010

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The Effect of Probiotics on the Production of Short-Chain Fatty Acids by Human Intestinal Microbiome (2020, background): “In addition, it has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects, taking part in the protection of human intestines against pathogens [8,77].”
Short chain fatty acids in human gut and metabolic health. (2020, unknown): “An influence on cyclooxygenase enzyme and thereby on eicosanoid production has also been proposed (Al-Lahham et al. , 2010a; Nurmi et al. , 2005).”
Short-Chain Fatty Acids Protect Against High-Fat Diet–Induced Obesity via a PPARγ-Dependent Switch From Lipogenesis to Fat Oxidation (2015, background): “The few human studies that have been conducted showed that intravenous administration of acetate or propionate reduced plasma free fatty acids in humans (56,57), whereas 12 weeks of dietary vinegar (acetate) supplementation in obese subjects led to lower body weight, body fat mass, and serum triglyc”
Linking Gut Microbiota and Inflammation to Obesity and Insulin Resistance. (2016, background): “On the other hand, acetate may be used as a cholesterol or fatty acid precursor, and propionate is a substrate for gluconeogenesis (2, 29).”