Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Differentiate to a Cardiomyocyte Phenotype in the Adult Murine Heart

By C. Toma, M. Pittenger, K. Cahill, B. Byrne, P. Kessler. Circulation, 2002

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Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in repair of the injured lung. (2005, background): “When BMDMSC are infused into mice they can be found in the liver, muscle, heart, intestine, and lung, with phenotypic characteristics of cells in the organ where they reside (4).”
Allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells restore cardiac function in chronic ischemic cardiomyopathy via trilineage differentiating capacity (2009, background): “Although the potential of MSCs to adopt cardiac phenotypes has been shown in vitro (14, 17, 18), several recent studies question the potential of in vivo differentiation, with low rates of cell survival and engraftment being the suggested causes (19–22).”
Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Regenerative Medicine (2019, background): “A role for MSC in attenuating myocardium damage was first reported in 2002 [136]; purified BMSCs engrafted in the murine myocardium appeared to differentiate into cardiomyocytes.”
Mesenchymal stem cell: an efficient mass producer of exosomes for drug delivery. (2013, background): “Differentiation of transplanted MSCs at the site of injury is generally inefficient [98].”
Harnessing the Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease (2012, background): “MSC transdifferentiation into contractile cardiomyocytes is inefficient at best (Toma et al., 2002) and occurs only in the presence of native cardiomyocytes (Hatzistergos et al., 2010; Loffredo et al., 2011; Mazhari and Hare, 2007).”