Review: mesenchymal stem cells: cell-based reconstructive therapy in orthopedics.

By A. Caplan. Tissue engineering, 2005

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Mesenchymal stem cells: revisiting history, concepts, and assays. (2008, background): “First, the original naming of this class of stem cells as mesenchymal was based on the hypothesis that multiple tissues beyond skeletal lineages could be generated by postnatal MSCs, including skeletal muscle, myocardium, smooth muscle, tendon, etc. (reviewed in Caplan, 2005).”
TGF-β1-induced Migration of Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells Couples Bone Resorption and Formation (2009, positive): “have been characterized in terms of their potential for differentiation into osteoblasts and are widely used as experimental models of bone remodeling, fracture healing and bone regeneration, although there is no unique marker specific for the lineage of osteogenic BMSC”
Adult mesenchymal stem cells for tissue engineering versus regenerative medicine (2007, background): “First, MSCs can differentiate into distinctive end-stage cell types, such as those that fabricate specific mesenchymal tissues including bone, cartilage, muscle, bone marrow stroma, tendon/ligament, fat, dermis, and other connective tissues as diagrammed in Figure 1 (Caplan, 1989, 1991, 2005).”
Cartilage homeostasis in health and rheumatic diseases (2009, background): “cartilage progenitor cells for cartilage tissue engineering [203-206].”