Psychological Theories of Culture Contact and Their Implications for Intercultural Training and Interventions

By C. Ward. 2004

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Measuring Cultural Competencies: The Development and Validation of a Revised Measure of Sociocultural Adaptation (2017, background): “Ward and colleagues have recognized this and examined academic adaptation as a domain-specific parallel to sociocultural adaptation in their studies of international students in New Zealand (Jose, Ward, & Liu, 2007; Ward, 2004; Ward & Masgoret, 2004).”
The international student experience: three styles of adaptation (2010, result): “This result is consistent with the concept of the psychological adjustment of sojourners being largely dependent on individual and within-person factors, such as the person's coping strategies, dimensions of personality, life changes and social support (Ward 2004).”
Transformation abroad: Sojourning and the perceived enhancement of self-efficacy (2005, background): “Stress is an inevitable component of the sojourner’s experience; researchers have characterized intercultural experiences as inherently stressful (Kim & Ruben, 1988; Kim, 2001; Ward, 2004).”
Beyond Culture Learning Theory (2013, background): “Contact with hosts has been cited as one of the more complex antecedents of cross-cultural adaptation (Church, 1982), and the relative importance of the quality versus quantity dimensions of contact has been a subject of debate in the acculturation literature (Ward, 2004).”