Elections Without Democracy: The Menu of Manipulation

By Andreas Schedler. 2002

1,296 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Subfields: Political Science and International Relations, Sociology and Political Science

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/d24554fa0af28d18338d8475ba0089caf43b233f

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Citations in the corpus

An Informed Forensics Approach to Detecting Vote Irregularities (2015, background): “Turning from motivations to opportunities, failure by large swaths of the population to show up to vote has been associated with greater opportunities to manipulate vote totals (Cox and Kousser 1981; Schedler 2002).”
Autocratic Elections: Stabilizing Tool or Force for Change? (2017, background): “79 schedler 2002; schedler 2006.”
Credible Power-Sharing and the Longevity of Authoritarian Rule (2008, background): “…hegemonic-party autocracies (Magaloni, 2006), or what other scholars call “electoral dictatorships” or “competitive authoritarian regimes” (Diamond, 2002; Levitsky & Way, 2002; Schedler, 2002), have displaced single-party and military dictatorships as the most common form of autocracy in the world.”
A Lexical Index of Electoral Democracy (2015, methodology): “This regime-type is similar to polities described as electoral, competitive, or limited multiparty authoritarian regimes (Schedler, 2002; Levitsky & Way, 2002; Hadenius & Teorell, 2007).”
COOPERATION, COOPTATION, AND REBELLION UNDER DICTATORSHIPS (2006, background): “Following a popular view, we could think of institutionalized dictatorships as ‘‘partial democracies’’ (Epstein et al., 2003), ‘‘electoral authoritarianism’’ (Schedler, 2002), or any number of types of regime with adjectives.”
Political Order and One-Party Rule (2010, background): “…highlighted by Sartori (1976), although he used the term hegemonic to refer to autocracies that permit opposition parties (see also Magaloni known in the literature as “electoral authoritarian” (Linz 2000, Diamond 2002, Schedler 2002) or as “competitive authoritarian” regimes (Levitsky & Way 2002).”
Democracy and dictatorship revisited (2010, background): “Levitsky and Way (2002) differentiate “competitive authoritarianism” while Schedler (2002) discerns “elec-toral authoritarianism”—both emphasizing the degree of political competition as the salient dimension.”
What Is Quality of Government? A Theory of Impartial Government Institutions (2008, neutral): “That is, free and fair elections must be administered by impartial government institutions (Choe 1997; Schedler 2002, 44).”
D-Minus Elections: The Politics and Norms of International Election Observation (2009, background): “…See Elklit and Reynolds 2005; Elklit and Svensson 1997; European Commission 2007; and Padilla and Houppert 1993+ 17+ United Nations 2005+ 18+ Schedler 2002+ 19+ See Fawn 2006; and Sikkink 2002, 314+ 20+ Carothers 2006+ 21+ Elklit and Reynolds 2002+ 22+ See Carothers 1997; and Elklit and…”
Autocracy, Elections, and Fiscal Policy: Evidence from Malaysia (2007, background): “Yet, although elections are a necessary feature of all democracies, from Linz’s definition it is clear that elections alone are not sufficient for democracy (see also Schedler 2002).”
Political Participation and Regime Stability: A Framework for Analyzing Hybrid Regimes (2009, background): “Ekman: Political Participation and Regime Stability 9 The electoral arena is perhaps the most obvious point of departure (Levitsky and Way, 2002: 54; Schedler, 2002).”
ELECTORAL FRAUD: Causes, Types, and Consequences (2003, background): “Both Schedler (2002b) and Schaffer (2001) cite surveys that ask citizens whether they were offered benefits for their votes.”
Elections, Information, and Policy Responsiveness in Autocratic Regimes (2015, background): “Most obviously, they may be pure facades providing a veneer of international legitimacy (Levitsky & Way, 2010; Schedler, 2002).”
Regimes of the World (RoW): Opening New Avenues for the Comparative Study of Political Regimes (2018, background): “In an electoral autocracy, these institutions are de-facto undermined such that electoral accountability is evaded (Diamond, 2002; Gandhi & Lust-Okar, 2009; Levitsky & Way, 2010; Schedler, 2002, 2013).”