ELECTORAL FRAUD: Causes, Types, and Consequences

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An Informed Forensics Approach to Detecting Vote Irregularities (2015, background): “Finally, following Beber and Scacco (2012), we also include measures for the mean distance between integers in the last pair of party-district vote totals (see Online Appendix B for additional coding information and descriptive statistics).”
On the Validity of the Regression Discontinuity Design for Estimating Electoral Effects: New Evidence from over 40,000 Close Races (2014, positive): “In legislative elections in many developing democracies, for example, electoral fraud is more common than in closely monitored U.S. House contests (Lehoucq 2003; Simpser 2013).”
When Do Governments Resort to Election Violence (2012, neutral): “38 Lehoucq 2003; Schedler 2002.”
Elections, Fraud, and Election Monitoring in the Shadow of Revolution (2012, background): “…models of fraud generally adopt a decision-theoretic approach where incumbents face the sorts of tradeoffs described in the informal literature (see Lehoucq (2003) for an overview): increasing their probability of winning elections by committing fraud against the chance that they will be…”
In the Shadow of Democracy Promotion (2009, background): “14. The definition of fraud cited here comes from Lehoucq (2003) .”