Some observations on mental models

By D. Norman. 1987

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Citations in the corpus

'It's Reducing a Human Being to a Percentage': Perceptions of Justice in Algorithmic Decisions (2018, background): “As users form mental models [52] of machine learning systems over time, such long-term exposure may lead to greater understanding [76] and greater trust and reliance [47].”
Reforming Elementary Science Teacher Preparation: What About Extant Teaching Beliefs? (2003, background): “Perceptions of ability and capability, linked to prior conceptualizations, form internal, mental models of interaction (Norman, 1983).”
How it works: a field study of non-technical users interacting with an intelligent system (2007, background): “Norman describes them as internal representations that provide predictive and explanatory power to users [22].”
Tell me more?: the effects of mental model soundness on personalizing an intelligent agent (2012, background): “Because mental models are inherently “messy, sloppy… and indistinct” [18], we needed to determine if participants were guessing, or if their mental models were sound enough to eliminate some of the incorrect responses.”
Professional Identity Development of Teacher Candidates Participating in an Informal Science Education Internship: A focus on drawings as evidence (2011, background): “(Norman, 1984). Gomez, Hadner, and Housner (1996) added that individuals use mental models not only to understand the world, but also to operate on it.”
The user's mental model of an information retrieval system (1999, background): “To date, the bulk of the research on mental models and computers has been done in the domains of text editing (Douglas, 1983; Foss, Rosson & Smith, 1982; Lewis & Mack, 1982; Mack, Lewis & Carroll, 1983;Norman, 1983) and calculators (Bayman & Mayer, 1983; Halasz & Moran, 1983; Halasz, 1984; Mayer & B”
Interdisciplinary Characterizations of Models and the Nature of Chemical Knowledge in the Classroom (2004, background): “The mental model (Johnson-Laird, 1983; Norman, 1983; White & Frederiksen, 1986) is one such construct.”
Weighing the Benefits of Anchored Math Instruction for Students with Disabilities in General Education Classes (2002, background): “In contrast to traditional problem instruction (TPI), in which students are expected to read and comprehend text-based problems, EAI provides students with powerful mental models (Norman, 1983).”
Fairness and Accountability Design Needs for Algorithmic Support in High-Stakes Public Sector Decision-Making (2018, background): “Research stemming from the early days of machine learning in expert systems attempts to make algorithmic logics more transparent [75, 81, 54, 66], or to better understand how users work with inductive systems and build mental models of them [60, 48, 77].”
Principles of Explanatory Debugging to Personalize Interactive Machine Learning (2015, background): “People will still build mental models of the system, but such ﬂawed mental models often lead to misinformed user behavior [19, 32].”
Mental Models, Visual Reasoning and Interaction in Information Visualization: A Top-down Perspective (2010, background): “Norman argues that a fundamental characteristic of mental models is that they must be functional [38].”
Theorizing Flow and Media Enjoyment as Cognitive Synchronization of Attentional and Reward Networks (2009, background): “They are simplified representations of how things work, and by nature are easily changed through encounters that provide new experiences from which to learn (Dix, Finlay, Abowd, & Beale, 1993; Norman, 1983).”