Autophagosomes initiate distally and mature during transport toward the cell soma in primary neurons

By S. Maday, K. Wallace, E. Holzbaur. Journal of Cell Biology, 2012

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Autophagosome biogenesis and maturation in primary neurons is a constitutive process that is spatially and temporally regulated along the axon.

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The pathways of mitophagy for quality control and clearance of mitochondria (2012, background): “In addition, distal formation and retrograde transport of autophagosomes in axons of primary neurons have been reported and mitochondrial markers have been observed in these autophagosomes.(110) Nevertheless, it is not certain that retrograde transport of an autophagosome to the soma is strictly req”
Optineurin is an autophagy receptor for damaged mitochondria in parkin-mediated mitophagy that is disrupted by an ALS-linked mutation (2014, result): “This process of LC3 puncta to ring formation lasted ∼5 min, similar to the kinetics of basal autophagy observed in primary neurons (37).”
AXONAL TRANSPORT: CARGO-SPECIFIC MECHANISMS OF MOTILITY AND REGULATION (2014, background): “Dynein is a much weaker motor than kinesin-1 or kinesin-2; there is general although not complete consensus that the stall force formammalian cytoplasmic dynein is 1 pN (Mallik et al., 2004; Schroeder et al., 2010).”