How do risk factors work together? Mediators, moderators, and independent, overlapping, and proxy risk factors.

By H. Kraemer, Eric Stice, A. Kazdin, D. Offord, David J. Kupfer. American Journal of Psychiatry, 2001

1,775 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Subfields: Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, Psychiatry and Mental health, Statistics and Probability

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/ca942c444a76a1e2fe0121a16d05aa0b41f30aa0

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Citations in the corpus

Designing a Pilot Sequential Multiple Assignment Randomized Trial for Developing an Adaptive Treatment Strategy (2012, neutral): “The use of tailoring variables represent an important departure from standard randomized trials, even when designed with an interest in understanding moderators which predict treatment response [44], because they are rarely considered outcomes to initial treatment, such as symptom, side effect, and ”
"Testing moderator and mediator effects in counseling psychology research": Correction to Frazier et al. (2004). (2004, background): “The process of mediation implies a causal chain; thus, definitions of mediation are almost always phrased in causal terms (see, e.g., Baron & Kenny, 1986; Hoyle & Smith, 1994; James & Brett, 1984; Judd & Kenny, 1981; Kenny et al., 1998; Kraemer et al., 2001).”
Two-year outcomes for interpersonal and social rhythm therapy in individuals with bipolar I disorder. (2005, methodology): “These 2 results taken together suggest that increased regularity of daily routines is a mediator of the effect of acutephase IPSRT on likelihood of recurrence.(55,56) Tofurtherexplore theeffectof treatmentonSRMscores, we employed functional principal components analysis(57) toexaminepatternsofchange”
Distress Tolerance and Psychopathological Symptoms and Disorders: A Review of the Empirical Literature among Adults (2010, background): “Proxy risk factors are variables that are related to an outcome of interest through the proxy risk factor’s relationship with another causal risk factor (Kraemer et al., 2001).”
Mediators and mechanisms of change in psychotherapy research. (2007, background): “Also, the various statistical analyses are not free from controversy or challenge (e.g., Kraemer et al. 2001, 2002).”
Research strategies for capturing transactional models of development: The limits of the possible (2003, background): “To this end, Kraemer et al. (2001, 2002)that a sizable number of infants with easy temperaments could have bad outcomes and a siz- provided an alternative perspective using a stepwise approach for identifying the different waysable number of infants with difficult temperaments could have good…”
Self-injury: a research review for the practitioner. (2007, background): “Table 2 in Klonsky (2007, p. 231) lists these important studies and we encourage interested readers to obtain these articles.”
Prospective Association of Childhood Attention-deficit/hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Substance Use and Abuse/Dependence: A Meta-Analytic Review (2011, background): “To quantitatively characterize the association of ADHD on SUD and to strengthen a potential causal inference by establishing temporal ordering, we focused on prospective longitudinal studies (Kraemer et al., 2001).”
Catastrophic Thinking: A Transdiagnostic Process Across Psychiatric Disorders (2016, background): “…catastrophic thought as a mediator in pain (Spinhoven et al. 2004; Turner et al. 2007), further work on mediation following the standards set by Kraemer et al. (2001), which suggest multiple points of intervention based on careful analysis of the relationships between latent risk factors,…”
“To Avoid Evaluation, Withdraw”: Fears of Evaluation and Depressive Cognitions Lead to Social Anxiety and Submissive Withdrawal (2009, background): “cross-sectional (as opposed to longitudinal) designs, as such designs preclude the testing of temporal/causal patterns (e.g., see Kraemer et al. 2001 ).”
Changes in Mindfulness and Emotion Regulation in an Exposure-Based Cognitive Therapy for Depression (2008, result): “Mindfulness, rumination, and avoidance were assessed only at pretreatment and posttreatment, thus precluding mediational analyses (Kraemer et al. 2001).”
Gratitude and grit indirectly reduce risk of suicidal ideations by enhancing meaning in life: Evidence for a mediated moderation model (2013, background): “Theorists generally agree that rather than representing endpoints on a single continuum, risk and resiliency represent two discrete dimensions (Johnson et al., 2011; Kraemer et al., 2001).”