The Effect of Government Highway Spending on Road Users' Congestion Costs

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Public transit investment and sustainable transportation: A review of studies of transit's impact on traffic congestion and air quality (2015, background): “They derive the congestion cost savings of rail systems by comparing observed congestion costs with those that would arise in the counterfactual scenario where the rail systems were not constructed, imputed based on the empirical results of Winston and Langer (2006).”
Bicycle Infrastructure and Traffic Congestion: Evidence from DC's Capital Bikeshare (2018, unknown): “congestion and thus fails to reap the corresponding environmental benefits (Rubin et al., 1999; Winston and Langer, 2006; Winston and Maheshri, 2007; Duranton and Turner, 2011).”
Evaluating Public Transit Benefits and Costs (2015, background): “Winston and Langer (2004) found that both motorist and truck congestion costs in a city decline as rail transit expands, but congestion costs increase with bus transit mileage, apparently because buses are less effective at attracting motorists, contribute to congestion, and do little to increase…”
On the social desirability of urban rail transit systems (2007, background): “Winston and Langer [18] estimated econometric models of the determinants of congestion costs for motorists, truckers, and shippers based on their value of travel time delays and the difference between free flow speeds and actual speeds within and between major urban areas.”