Vitamin A, infection, and immune function.

By C. Stephensen. Annual review of nutrition, 2001

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Acute phase reaction and acute phase proteins. (2005, background): “The latter has a well-known negative feedback effect on immunity (Baeten et al., 2004; El Beitune et al., 2003; Stephensen, 2001; West, 2004).”
Carotenoids from fruits and vegetables: Chemistry, analysis, occurrence, bioavailability and biological activities. (2015, background): “Other than the above, deficiency of provitamin A carotenoids leads to vision-disability in human and increased mortality due to a weakened innate immunity and adaptive immunity (Stephensen, 2001).”
Immunological mechanisms of vaccination (2011, background): “Vitamin A deficiency is associated with enhanced susceptibility to almost all types of infections, with defects in both the innate and adaptive immune system”
Dendritic cells in intestinal immune regulation (2008, background): “It is possible that some of these effects are attributable to the reported function of retinoic acid in regulating T H 1- and T H 2-cell differentiation, such that in vitamin A deficiency the balance is shifted in favour of the generation of T H 1-type response”
Strengthening the Immune System and Reducing Inflammation and Oxidative Stress through Diet and Nutrition: Considerations during the COVID-19 Crisis (2020, background): “It is thus not surprising that low vitamin A status (measured typically as serum retinol) has been shown to correlate with hampered function of neutrophils, macrophages, as well as T-and B-cells [220].”