Modeling of a pre-strained circular actuator made of dielectric elastomers

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The static actuation of dielectric elastomer actuators: how does pre-stretch improve actuation? (2008, methodology): “however, any model of elasticity can be chosen, including Yeoh and Mooney–Rivlin types [8].”
Large-scale failure modes of dielectric elastomer actuators (2006, background): “It is shown that the effect of working load on actuator failure is very substantial and cannot be ignored as in many past studies that addressed DEA failure, like Pelrine et al. (1998), Kornbluh et al. (1999), Sommer-Larsen et al. (2001), and Wissler and Mazza (2005).”
Increasing the performance of dielectric elastomer actuators: A review from the materials perspective (2015, background): “Further refinements of this initial model have later considered non-linear elastic materials [61, 62] or non-linear electro-mechanical field theory [63], among others.”
Modeling Viscoelastic Dielectrics (2011, methodology): “Some early approaches use linear viscoleasticity to model relatively small deformations (e.g. Yang et al., 2005; Wissler and Mazza, 2005b).”