Neuroendocrine pharmacology of stress.

By Gonzalo A. Carrasco, L. D. van de Kar. European Journal of Pharmacology, 2003

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Interactions between Temperament, Stress, and Immune Function in Cattle (2011, background): “In response to stressful stimuli, higher brain centers stimulate neurons in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus, resulting in the synthesis and secretion of corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) and vasopressin (VP; Figure 1) [4, 24, 25].”
The role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in neuroendocrine responses to stress (2006, background): “Maintenance of homeostasis in the presence of aversive stimuli (stressors) requires activation of a complex range of responses involving the endocrine, nervous, and immune systems, collectively known as the stress response.(1,2) Activation of the stress response initiates a number of behavioral and ”
How stress influences the immune response. (2003, background): “For example, paralleling the increase of GC-hormone production from the adrenal cortex, activation of the HPA axis also results in catecholamine production from the adrenal medulla [ 47 ].”
The brain and the stress axis: The neural correlates of cortisol regulation in response to stress (2009, background): “Bruce S, ”Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators”, New England journal of medicine, vol. 338, no. 3, pp. 171-179, 1998.”
The Expanded Biology of Serotonin (2009, neutral): “Serotonin regulates the HPA axis at multiple levels (54) and thus has complex effects on the overall stress response.”