Cell fusion is the principal source of bone-marrow-derived hepatocytes

By Xin Wang, H. Willenbring, Y. Akkari, Yumi Torimaru, M. Foster, M. Al‐Dhalimy, E. Lagasse, M. Finegold, S. Olson, M. Grompe. Nature, 2003

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Mesenchymal stem cells are renotropic, helping to repair the kidney and improve function in acute renal failure. (2004, background): “Recently, cell fusion between transplanted donor BM cells and recipient tissue has been claimed as an alternative novel mechanism to transdifferentiation, which can occur in vivo (41) and produce functional cells in liver (42) and brain (43).”
HGF, SDF-1, and MMP-9 are involved in stress-induced human CD34+ stem cell recruitment to the liver. (2003, background): “Under strong selection conditions that exist in fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase–null mice, which have ongoing severe hepatocyte damage due to deficiency of this enzyme, there is enormous amplification of transplanted, purified murine HSCs that demonstrate hepatic morphology and function, with correcti”
Transplanted bone marrow regenerates liver by cell fusion (2003, result): “Our results along with the cytogenetic studies presented in the accompanying pape”
Clonally expanded novel multipotent stem cells from human bone marrow regenerate myocardium after myocardial infarction. (2005, background): “Recent in vivo studies suggest that hepatocytes derived from cell fusion of HSCs and host hepatocytes can correct underlying metabolic disorders and that fused cells can undergo reduction division (26).”