Gender and Preschoolers' Perception of Emotion

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Children acquire emotion categories gradually (2008, result): “These results are within the range of previous free labeling results for preschoolers (e.g., Harrigan, 1984; Markham & Adams, 1992; Widen & Russell, 2002, 2003).”
The relative power of an emotion’s facial expression, label, and behavioral consequence to evoke preschoolers’ knowledge of its cause (2004, result): “The Label Superiority Effect has been observed mainly in older preschoolers (4s and 5s in Widen & Russell, 2002; ‘preschoolers’ in Camras & Allison, 1985), but results were mixed for 3s: Although it has also been reported once for 3s (Russell & Widen, 2002b), the opposite was found in another stud”
Children’s Interpretation of Facial Expressions: The Long Path from Valence-Based to Specific Discrete Categories (2013, methodology): “Infants older than 10 months and toddlers can use the valence of facial expressions to guide their own behavior in ambiguous situations such as the social referencing paradigm (e.g., Klinnert, Emde, Butterfield, & Campos, 1986).”
Facial and vocal expressions of emotion. (2003, background): “…the hypothesized prototypical facial expressions of emotion, the emotion attributed to the expression depends on the context within which it occurs (Carroll & Russell 1996), on the gender of the sender (Widen & Russell 2002), and on the receiver’s current affective state (Niedenthal et al. 2000).”