Risks of leukaemia and solid tumours in individuals with Down's syndrome.

By H. Hasle, I. Clemmensen, M. Mikkelsen. The Lancet, 2000

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Boveri revisited: Chromosomal instability, aneuploidy and tumorigenesis (2009, background): “Moreover, patients with Down's syndrome that carry an extra copy of chromosome 21 have a significant increase in haematological cancers but a reduced incidence of solid tumour”
A mutator phenotype in cancer. (2001, background): “Although individuals with Down’s syndrome exhibit an elevated incidence of leukemia, if anything they have a decreased incidence of most solid tumors (31).”
Health Inequalities & People with Learning Disabilities in the UK: 2010 (2010, background): “Children with Down’s syndrome are at particularly high risk of leukaemia compared to the general population, although the risk of solid tumours, including breast cancer, is lower [51, 52].”
The DNA sequence of human chromosome 21 (2000, background): “The decreased incidence of solid tumours in individuals with Down syndrome indicates that increased dosage of some chromosome 21 genes may protect such individuals from these tumour”
Rearrangement of CRLF2 in B-progenitor– and Down syndrome–associated acute lymphoblastic leukemia (2009, background): “Moreover, CRLF2 alteration was observed exclusively in cases lacking translocations associated with ALL, suggesting that CRLF2 alteration is a potent leukemogenic event in the setting of trisomy 21 and may account in part for the up to 20-fold increased risk of developing ALL in children with D”