Renal Insufficiency as a Predictor of Cardiovascular Outcomes and the Impact of Ramipril: The HOPE Randomized Trial

By J. Mann, H. Gerstein, Janice Pogue, J. Bosch, S. Yusuf. Annals of Internal Medicine, 2001

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Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in population-based studies: Systematic review (2008, background): “Therefore, kidney dysfunction should be an additional target for intervention and prevention of CVD [7].”
Elevations of Inflammatory and Procoagulant Biomarkers in Elderly Persons With Renal Insufficiency (2003, methodology): “They were invited to participate in CHS if they met the following inclusion criteria: (1) aged 65 years, (2) not institutionalized, (3) expected to remain in the current community for 3 years, and (4) gave informed consent without requiring a proxy respondent.”
Chronic kidney disease as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: a pooled analysis of community-based studies. (2004, background): “73 m(2) for several reasons: (1) the current clinical guidelines have adopted this GFR as the cut point for defining CKD; (2) the MDRD equation for estimating GFR was derived in a population that allows reliable estimates about this level; and (3) a GFR 60 ml/min per 1.”