Correlates of Protection Induced by Vaccination

By S. Plotkin. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, 2010

1,646 citations recorded by the source corpus.

ABSTRACT This paper attempts to summarize current knowledge about immune responses to vaccines that correlate with protection. Although the immune system is redundant, almost all current vaccines work through antibodies in serum or on mucosa that block infection or bacteremia/viremia and thus provide a correlate of protection. The functional characteristics of antibodies, as well as quantity, are important. Antibody may be highly correlated with protection or synergistic with other functions. Immune memory is a critical correlate: effector memory for short-incubation diseases and central memory for long-incubation diseases. Cellular immunity acts to kill or suppress intracellular pathogens and may also synergize with antibody. For some vaccines, we have no true correlates, but only useful surrogates, for an unknown protective response.

Subfields: Health, Infectious Diseases

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/bc5e4d102c71ab318b4467ac1677b863b8483de2

How researchers see this paper

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In Health

1. Benjamin J. Read
2. D. Irvine

In Infectious Diseases

1. Alessandro Sette
2. Benjamin J. Read
3. Shane Crotty
4. D. Irvine

Citations in the corpus

• Human Circulating PD-1+CXCR3−CXCR5+ Memory Tfh Cells Are Highly Functional and Correlate with Broadly Neutralizing HIV Antibody Responses (2013, positive): “Most human vaccines currently in use rely on the generation of protective, long-lasting antibody responses (Plotkin, 2010).”
• SARS-CoV-2 501Y.V2 escapes neutralization by South African COVID-19 donor plasma (2021, neutral): “Neutralizing antibodies have repeatedly been demonstrated as the primary correlate of protection for most vaccines, including those designed to prevent infection with respiratory 34 .”
• Vaccine Adjuvants: Putting Innate Immunity to Work (2010, background): “Most current vaccines confer protection primarily through humoral immunity (Plotkin, 2010).”
• Dengue and severe dengue (2025, neutral): “Indeed, none of the three tetravalent live-attenuated dengue vaccines licensed to date or that have completed Phase 3 clinical trials have demonstrated complete protection against symptomatic infection from all four DENVs, particularly in those without prior DENV infection, or seronegative…”
• Shaping humoral immunity to vaccines through antigen-displaying nanoparticles (2020, background): “Because nearly all available licensed vaccines are thought to protect through induction of appropriate long-lived antibody responses (2), guiding humoral immunity is a critical element in the development of subunit vaccines.”
• COVID-19 neutralizing antibodies predict disease severity and survival (2020, neutral): “Comparatively, live virus neutralization titers of 1:40 for influenza are considered to indicate protective immunity (Hannoun et al., 2004; Plotkin, 2010).”
• Antigen-Specific Adaptive Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in Acute COVID-19 and Associations with Age and Disease Severity (2020, neutral): “The vast majority of licensed human vaccines work on the basis of protective antibody responses, with neutralizing antibodies being the most common mechanism of action (Piot et al., 2019; Plotkin, 2010; Plotkin et al., 2018).”
• Structures of Human Antibodies Bound to SARS-CoV-2 Spike Reveal Common Epitopes and Recurrent Features of Antibodies (2020, positive): “Understanding the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 S protein is of critical importance because correlates of protection for vaccines usually involve antibodies (Plotkin, 2001, 2008, 2010).”