MicroRNA-21 promotes cell transformation by targeting the programmed cell death 4 gene

By Zhongxin Lu, M. Liu, V. Stribinskis, C. Klinge, K. S. Ramos, N. Colburn, Yong Li. Oncogene, 2008

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miR-21: a small multi-faceted RNA (2008, methodology): “Overexpression of miR-21 from the expression vector pSIF carrying the miR-21 gene driven by the H1 RNA polymerase III promoter led to an approximately two-fold increase in anchorageindependent colony formation of human MCF7 breast carcinoma and murine JB6 epidermal cells, both serving well-character”
Negative regulation of TLR4 via targeting of the proinflammatory tumor suppressor PDCD4 by the microRNA miR-21 (2010, background): “The miRNA miR-21 targets Pdcd4 mRNA post-transcriptionally, blocking production of PDCD4 protei”
MicroRNAs in development and disease. (2011, background): “expression of miR-21 enhanced breast cancer cell growth both in vitro and in vivo (184, 391, 560) and HER2-mediated cell invasion (251), and promoted metastasis (717).”
Modulation of K-ras-dependent lung tumorigenesis by microRNA-21 (2010, positive): “PDCD4 is a proapoptotic tumor suppressor gene and has been verified as a miR-21 target in human colorectal and breast cancer cell lines (Afonja et al., 2004; Asangani et al., 2008; Bitomsky et al., 2008; Frankel et al., 2008; Lu et al., 2008; Zhang et al., 2006).”
MicroRNA: Biogenesis, Function and Role in Cancer (2010, background): “Similarly, repression of PDCD4 and mapsin are thought to promote cancer progression by promoting cell invasion and metastasis [277, 280, 281, 289].”