The X-files in immunity: sex-based differences predispose immune responses
By E. Fish. Nature reviews. Immunology, 2008
1,115 citations recorded by the source corpus.
Despite accumulating evidence in support of sex-based differences in innate and adaptive immune responses, in the susceptibility to infectious diseases and in the prevalence of autoimmune diseases, health research and clinical practice do not address these distinctions, and most research studies of immune responses do not stratify by sex. X-linked genes, hormones and societal context are among the many factors that contribute to disparate immune responses in males and females. It is crucial to address sex-based differences in disease pathogenesis and in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of therapeutic medications to provide optimal disease management for both sexes.
Subfields: Immunology, Physiology, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/b97e1dd22d84af54c8e65a0b05515be910c247cd
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Citations in the corpus
- How sex and age affect immune responses, susceptibility to infections, and response to vaccination (2015, background): “How sex and age affect immune responses, susceptibility to infections, and response to vaccination Carmen Giefing-Kröll, Peter Berger, Günter Lepperdinger and Beatrix Grubeck-Loebenstein Institute for Biomedical Aging Research of Innsbruck University, Innsbruck, Austria”
- Sex Bias in Neuroscience and Biomedical Research (2010, neutral): “N IH -PA Author M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript 2009), in cardiovascular disease (Barrett-Connor, 1997, Berger et al., 2009) and in autoimmune dysfunction (Fish, 2008; Lockshin, 2006; Whitacre, 2001).”
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- Autoimmune thyroid disorders. (2015, background): “The marked predominance of AITD in female [53] suggests that estrogens have a significant role in AITD.”
- Review: Sex and the human placenta: mediating differential strategies of fetal growth and survival. (2010, background): “The most obvious steroid that may control the sex specific differences observed in the human placenta would be testosterone because it is known to exert differential effects in males and females [18] and can alter glucocorticoid regulated pathways that profoundly affect the immune system [46] and hy”
- Incidence of haematological malignancy by sub-type: a report from the Haematological Malignancy Research Network (2011, background): “Interestingly, the subtypes with the largest male excesses – Burkitt lymphoma and hairy-cell leukaemia – are both characterised by specific genetic abnormalities (WHO, 2008); and as it seems highly unlikely that gender influences rates of mutation, other explanations, including gender-specific diffe”
- Gender bias in autoimmunity is influenced by microbiota (2013, background): “Sexual dimorphism is a characteristic feature of many major autoimmune diseases (Fish, 2008; Whitacre, 2001).”
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