Steps toward Artificial Intelligence

By Marvin Minsky. 1995

Subfields: Philosophy, Social Sciences & Humanities

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Citations in the corpus

High-Dimensional Continuous Control Using Generalized Advantage Estimation (2015, background): “…is the long time delay between actions and their positive or negative effect on rewards; this issue is called the credit assignment problem in the reinforcement learning literature (Minsky, 1961; Sutton & Barto, 1998), and the distal reward problem in the behavioral literature (Hull, 1943).”
Deep learning in neural networks: An overview (2014, background): “This has been called the fundamental credit assignment problem (Minsky, 1963).”
Continual Learning for Robotics (2019, background): “This is generally done by a reward function that defines credit assignment [106], or it can also be defined internally by more abstract rules such as self-supervision [54, 152], intrinsic motivation or curiosity [113, 142] as in [46, 27, 30, 78].”
Toward a modern theory of adaptive networks: expectation and prediction. (1981, background): “Nilsson (1965) provides several proofs of convergence, and Minsky and Papert (1969) discuss its limitations as a pattern recognition system.”
Sensitivity Analysis of k-Fold Cross Validation in Prediction Error Estimation (2010, methodology): “When the value of K is fixed to 0, it is called the naive Bayes [19], [22] and when K is fixed to 1, it is called the forest-augmented naive Bayes ( FAN ) [20].”
On language and connectionism: analysis of a parallel distributed processing model of language acquisition (1988, unknown): “(see, e.g., Newell & Simon, 1961; Chomsky, 1965; Fodor, 1968, 1975; Putnam, 1960; Marr, 1982; Minsky, 1963; Pylyshyn, 1984).”
SOME PHILOSOPHICAL PROBLEMS FROM THE STANDPOINT OF ARTI CIAL INTELLIGENCE (1987, background): “An old but not yet superseded discussion on intellectual mechanisms is in Minsky 1961; see also Newell's 1965 review of the state of artiicial intelligence.”
Internet of Things, Real-Time Decision Making, and Artificial Intelligence (2017, background): “It began when Alan Turing, the well-known code-breaker, published a philosophical paper on machine thinking [29]; it was quickly followed by a summer meeting of key thinkers (i.e., John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky and Claude Shannon) at Dartmouth where the words “Artiﬁcial Intelligence” was coined [12];”
Empirical Dynamic Programming (2013, background): “These ideas evolved independently in diﬀerent ﬁelds, including the work of Werbos [44], Kushner and Clark [26] in control theory, Minsky [29], Barto, et al [4] and others in computer science, and Whitt in operations research [45, 46].”
Data mining in the Life Sciences with Random Forest: a walk in the park or lost in the jungle? (2012, methodology): “The prediction performance of RF compares well to other classification algorithms [7] such as support vector machines (SVMs, [9, 10]), artificial neural networks [11–13], Bayesian classifiers [14, 15], logistic regression [16], k-nearest-neighbours [17], discriminant analysis such as Fisher’s linear”
Effects of feedback delay on learning (2009, background): “The core of the challenge of learning in complex environments is the credit assignment problem (Samuel 1957; Minsky 1961), that is, the challenge of making appropriate connections between actions and payoffs.”
The minority report: some common assumptions to reconsider in the modelling of the brain and behaviour (2016, background): “…comes at a price, especially in deep, uniform architectures, which present a particularly acute case of the fundamental credit assignment problem (Minsky, 1961): how to use supervision data to identify units responsible for each outcome and to modify their parameters to improve performance…”