SOME PHILOSOPHICAL PROBLEMS FROM THE STANDPOINT OF ARTI CIAL INTELLIGENCE

By John McCarthy. 1987

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CommonsenseQA: A Question Answering Challenge Targeting Commonsense Knowledge (2019, background): “Many commonsense representations and inference procedures have been explored (McCarthy and Hayes, 1969; Kowalski and Sergot, 1986) and large-scale commonsense knowledge-bases have been developed (Lenat, 1995; Speer et al.”
Concrete Problems in AI Safety (2016, background): “1Intuitively, this seems related to the frame problem, an obstacle in efficient specification for knowledge representation raised by [95].”
Logic meets Probability: Towards Explainable AI Systems for Uncertain Worlds (2017, background): “Indeed, McCarthy and Hayes [1969] argued thus: 1.”
The Symbol Grounding Problem (1990, background): “One well-known (though misdiagnosed) manifestation of it is the so-called "frame" problem [22, 24, 26, 34]: It is a frustrating but familiar experience in writing "knowledge-based" programs that a system apparently behaving perfectly intelligently for a while can be foiled by an unexpected case that”
Learning Placeholders for Open-Set Recognition (2021, background): “Since it is impossible to cover all classes in the world as training set [19, 33], the model would treat all novel category instances as known ones.”
The challenge of crafting intelligible intelligence (2018, background): “Furthermore, goal specifications are likewise incomplete [29].”
Default Reasoning about Spatial Occupancy (1995, background): “…knowledge representation literature, and a variety of choices for the ontology and predicates of such a language have been suggested, along with collections of relevant 2 axioms (see, for example, [McCarthy & Hayes, 1969], [McDermott, 1982], [Allen, 1984], [Hayes, 1985], [Kowalski & Sergot, 1986]).”
PDDL2.1: An Extension to PDDL for Expressing Temporal Planning Domains (2003, result): “The decision to consider actions in this way is similar to that made by many temporal reasoning researchers (Shanahan, 1990a; McCarthy & Hayes, 1969; McDermott, 1982).”
Autonomous agents modelling other agents: A comprehensive survey and open problems (2017, background): “Ghaderi et al. (2007) propose a framework based on the situation calculus (McCarthy and Hayes, 1969) for reasoning about beliefs and coordination in agent teams.”
Economic Opportunity and Evolution: Beyond Landscapes and Bounded Rationality (2013, background): “Rather, we should instead focus on the “frame problem” (originally introduced by McCarthy and Hayes, 1969; for a broader sense of the frame problem, see Dennett, 1984).8 Put simply, the frame problem focuses us on the problematic nature of explaining the full task set of activities and possible…”
Essentials of General Intelligence: The Direct Path to Artificial General Intelligence (2007, background): “The relatively fixed, high-level methods of knowledge representation and manipulation that this approach entails are also prone to “frame of reference” [21, 25] and “brittleness” problems.”
Semantical considerations on multiagent only knowing (2015, methodology): “This intuition has encouraged extensions of OL towards the design of practical cognitive agents [40,42,43], by introducing the appropriate variants of K and O in the language of the situation calculus [41,44,45].”
Semantics and the electrophysiology of meaning: Tense, aspect, event structure (2004, background): “This is a consequence of the well-known ‘frame problem’ [134], which implies that it is impossible to enumerate all the effects and non-effects of an event.”
EMA: A process model of appraisal dynamics (2009, background): “This is an aspect of the frame problem (McCarthy & Hayes, 1969) and there are a number of standard approaches for addressing it and which could 7$"*(1'%#'%!+$:"*(+'"=>?”
How to Progress Beliefs in Continuous Domains (2014, background): “Reiter’s (2001) reconsideration of the situation calculus (McCarthy and Hayes 1969) has proven enormously useful for the design of logical agents, essentially paving the way for cognitive robotics (Lakemeyer and Levesque 2007).”