Whites See Racism as a Zero-Sum Game That They Are Now Losing

By Michael I. Norton, Samuel R. Sommers. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2011

733 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Subfields: Social Psychology, Sociology and Political Science

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/b775f277f15687cf6017ea289e6279c98d1ad47c

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Citations in the corpus

Annotators with Attitudes: How Annotator Beliefs And Identities Bias Toxic Language Detection (2021, background): “Prior work has extensively shown links between someone’s gender, political leaning, and race affects how likely they are to perceive or notice harmful speech or racism (Cowan et al., 2002; Norton and Sommers, 2011; Carter and Murphy, 2015; Prabhakaran et al., 2021).”
Characterizing Linguistic Attributes for Automatic Classification of Intent Based Racist/Radicalized Posts on Tumblr Micro-Blogging Website (2017, background): “There are users who post racist comments targeting existing like-minded groups calling it as reverse racism [4].”
Status threat, not economic hardship, explains the 2016 presidential vote (2018, background): “Interestingly, whites’ perceptions of antiblack and antiwhite bias also are also zero sum: that is, the less antiblack bias that whites perceive in a given decade, the greater the antiwhite bias that is perceived (30).”
Science faculty’s subtle gender biases favor male students (2012, background): “Indeed, growing evidence reveals an often invisible advantage for men, stemming in part from inequities against women in STEM, which can threaten that advantage (10, 12, 46, 47).”
Racism and Health I: Pathways and Scientific Evidence (2013, background): “Documenting the persistence of racism is a challenge because the nature of racism in contemporary society has also changed in ways that make it not readily recognizable to most adults.”
“But I’m oppressed too”: white male college students framing racial emotions as facts and recreating racism (2014, background): “Given the persistent denial by White people that racism is systemic and widespread (Feagin, 2010; Norton & Sommers, 2011), it is not surprising that White college students and students of color experience the campus racial climate differently (Rankin & Reason, 2005).”
You can win but I can't lose: Bias against high-status groups increases their zero-sum beliefs about discrimination (2015, unknown): “…the degree to which they believed that women and then men (on a separate screen) were victims of gender discrimination in every decade between the 1950s and 2000s (using a 1 – 10 scale, anchored at not at all and very much ; see Bosson et al., 2012; Kehn & Ruthig, 2013; Norton & Sommers, 2011).”
Racism in the Structure of Everyday Worlds: A Cultural-Psychological Perspective (2018, background): “…Psychological Association Presidential Task Force on Educational Disparities, 2012; U.S. National Center for Health Statistics, 2016); yet many White Americans believe that the average Black American fares about the same or better than most White Americans (Morin, 2001, Norton & Sommers, 2011).”
The threat of increasing diversity: Why many White Americans support Trump in the 2016 presidential election (2018, background): “Many White Americans in the US view race relations as “zero-sum,” in which status gains for minorities means status loss for Whites (Wilkins & Kaiser, 2014) and less bias against minorities means more bias against Whites (Norton & Sommers, 2011).”
The hard-knock life? Whites claim hardships in response to racial inequity. (2015, background): “For instance, Whites often believe they are discriminated against, sometimes believing they suffer even more discrimination than Blacks (Norton & Sommers, 2011; Wilkins & Kaiser, 2014).”
White Male Power and Privilege: The Relationship Between White Supremacy and Social Class (2017, unknown): “T hi s ar tic le is in te nd ed so le ly fo r th e pe rs on al us e of th e in di vi du al us er an d is no t to be di ss em in at ed br oa dl y. non-White person is a loss to the White person (Norton & Sommers, 2011).”
Aversive Racism and Contemporary Bias (2016, background): “ManyWhites believe that unfair bias against Blacks is no longer prevalent and that anti-White bias is a bigger societal problem than anti-Black bias (Norton & Sommers, 2011).”
Members of high-status groups are threatened by pro-diversity organizational messages (2016, background): “• More threat & concerns, worse impressions in pro-diversity (vs. neutral) company • Findings were not moderated by several individual difference variables. a b s t r a c ta r t i c l e i n f o”
Racial Color Blindness (2012, background): “…toward multiculturalism than color blindness (Apfelbaum, Sommers, & Norton, 2008; Ryan, Hunt, Weible, Peterson, & Casas, 2007), as traditional conceptualizations of multiculturalism may leave Whites feeling as though minorities have received attention at their expense (Norton & Sommers, 2011).”
Perspective taking combats the denial of intergroup discrimination (2012, background): “Additionally, recent survey data suggest that a majority of White Americans now believe that anti-White bias is more prevalent than anti-Black bias (Norton and Sommers, 2011).”