ATTRACTING ANTAGONISTS: DOES FLORAL NECTAR INCREASE LEAF HERBIVORY?

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Consequences of a nectar yeast for pollinator preference and performance (2017, background): “Nectar can also attract non-pollinating flower visitors, both seen and unseen, who exploit nectar for their own benefit at the potential expense of the plant and competing legitimate flower visitors (Adler & Bronstein 2004; Herrera, Garc ıa & P erez 2008; Irwin et al. 2010).”
ECOLOGICAL COSTS AND BENEFITS OF DEFENSES IN NECTAR (2005, unknown): “…plants must attract pollinators while also escaping antagonists such as herbivores, and the evolution of some plant traits may be constrained by opposing selection from herbivores and pollinators (Simms and Bucher 1996, Strauss and Lehtila 1997, Strauss et al. 1999, Adler and Bronstein 2004).”
Effects of Florivory on the Pollination of Flowers: An Experimental Field Study with a Perennial Plant (2010, background): “Florivory is widespread (Breadmore and Kirk 1998), and the very features that evolve to attract pollinators can also attract herbivores (Adler and Bronstein 2004; Irwin et al. 2004; McCall and Irwin 2006).”
Bumblebee Preadators Reduce Pollinator Density and Plant Fitness (2005, background): “Examples include studies examining the effects of pollinators’ predators, seed predators, and herbivores on floral traits (Dukas 2001b, Galen and Cuba 2001, Brown 2002, Adler and Bronstein 2004, Irwin et al. 2004).”