Being Young and Black

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Prior problem behavior accounts for the racial gap in school suspensions (2014, background): “…studies have also revealed that minority race is an inconsistent factor in court processing, in juvenile justice processing outcomes, and in criminal sentencing (Caudill, Morris, El Sayed, Yun, & DeLisi, 2013; Guevara, Herz, & Spohn, 2008; Klein, Petersilia, & Turner, 1990; Leiber & Johnson, 2008).”
Contexts of Decision Making in the Juvenile Justice System: An Organizational Approach to Understanding Minority Overrepresentation (2010, background): “…current offense, prior record), minorities are disadvantaged at some stages in processing but not others or, depending on which stages are examined, minorities receive both more severe and more lenient outcomes (Bell & Lang, 1985; Dannefer & Schutt, 1982; Leiber & Johnson, 2008; Tracy, 2002).”