Convergent evidence for impaired AKT1-GSK3β signaling in schizophrenia

By E. Emamian, D. Hall, M. Birnbaum, M. Karayiorgou, J. Gogos. Nature Genetics, 2004

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Role for Akt3/Protein Kinase Bγ in Attainment of Normal Brain Size (2005, background): “This is supported by the observation that a mutation in Akt1 leading to a decreased amount of protein increased the risk of schizophrenia, while the antipsychotic drug haloperidol was shown to activate Akt signaling (25).”
PI3K/Akt: getting it right matters (2008, background): “A direct involvement of Akt in dopaminergic action is indicated by the observation that Akt1 / ) mutant mice exhibit a behavioral phenotype resembling enhanced dopaminergic transmitter function (Emamian et al., 2004).”
Pten regulates neuronal arborization and social interaction in mice. (2006, positive): “…mutations in PTEN or activating mutations in PI3K are found in malignant brain tumors (Ali et al., 1999; Broderick et al., 2004), low AKT level is associated with schizophrenia (Emamian et al., 2004), and individuals with TSC mutations have CNS disorders , including autism (Wiznitzer, 2004).”
DISC1 regulates new neuron development in the adult brain via modulation of AKT-mTOR signaling through KIAA1212 (2009, positive): “Both AKT1 and its upstream activator NRG1 have been identified as susceptibility genes for schizophrenia (Emamian et al., 2004; Mei and Xiong, 2008; Stefansson et al., 2002; Tosato et al., 2005).”