Effects of coating roughness and biofouling on ship resistance and powering

By M. Schultz. Biofouling (Print), 2007

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Microbial Biofouling: Unsolved Problems, Insufficient Approaches, and Possible Solutions (2011, background): “In marine environments, the primary cost factor of biofouling is the increase in drag resistance, for example, on ship hulls (Schultz 2007; Edyvean 2010) or on heat exchanger surfaces (Andrewartha et al.”
Trends in the development of environmentally friendly fouling-resistant marine coatings. (2011, background): “For example, it has been shown that the increased roughness presented by a heavily fouled ship hull can result in powering penalties of up to 86% at cruising speed; even relatively light fouling by diatom 'slimes' can generate a 10–16% penalt”
Numerical and experimental study of mechanisms responsible for turbulent secondary flows in boundary layer flows over spanwise heterogeneous roughness (2015, background): “In particular, the momentum exchange between such flows and the bounding surface is critical to the performance of vapour power systems (Bons et al. 2001) and naval architecture surfaces on which growth of biological mass has occurred (Schultz 2007).”
Economic impact of biofouling on a naval surface ship (2011, neutral): “1985 ; Leer-Andersen and Larsson 2003 ; Schultz 2007 ).”
Review and comparison of methods to model ship hull roughness (2020, methodology): “Rough surface model according to “Deteriorated coating or light slime” [7] at = Re 1.”