Numerical and experimental study of mechanisms responsible for turbulent secondary flows in boundary layer flows over spanwise heterogeneous roughness

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Effects of spanwise spacing on large-scale secondary flows in rough-wall turbulent boundary layers (2015, methodology): “Anderson et al. (2015) stressed the importance of the spanwise gradients of the shear stresses and the role they play in driving the secondary vortices, which were interpreted as Prantl’s secondary flows of the second kind; the fact that the stresses behave similarly in the current measurements to…”
Large-Eddy Simulation of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer (2020, background): “It has been shown (Anderson et al. 2015) that a turbulence production–dissipation imbalance above the “rough” zones necessitates a downwelling of momentum from aloft (Hinze 1967), which thus necessitates a lateral outflow and corresponding upwelling across the “smooth” areas.”