Low-volume high-intensity interval training reduces hyperglycemia and increases muscle mitochondrial capacity in patients with type 2 diabetes.

By J. Little, J. Gillen, Michael E. Percival, A. Safdar, M. Tarnopolsky, Z. Punthakee, M. Jung, M. Gibala. Journal of applied physiology, 2011

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Physiological adaptations to low‐volume, high‐intensity interval training in health and disease (2012, methodology): “…to low-volume HIT have not been clearly elucidated but probably relate to robust changes in intramuscular ATP:ADP/AMP ratio following exercise (Chen et al. 2000) and the concomitant activation of 5’-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) (Gibala et al. 2009; Little et al. 2011b).”
The Impact of High-Intensity Interval Training Versus Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training on Vascular Function: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2015, methodology): “This is consistent with studies utilizing a considerably smaller HIITRx [10 9 1-min HIIT at *80 % HR reserve (HRreserve), 1 min recovery, three times per week for 2 weeks] in sedentary [61] and T2DM patients [62], showing a significant increase in PGC-1a by 56 % after the training intervention.”
Exercise as medicine – evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in 26 different chronic diseases (2015, background): “Recent studies of interval training programs have shown remarkable results on glycemic control (Tjonna et al., 2008; Little et al., 2011; Higgins et al., 2014; Shaban et al., 2014).”
Metabolic Syndrome and Insulin Resistance: Underlying Causes and Modification by Exercise Training (2013, neutral): “Furthermore, a decrease AUC for insulin during an OGTT was shown in children, with no changes in body weight, LBM, or visceral fat (461).”